Libyan History

6th century BC: Phoenician ports of Libya conquered by Carthage.

5th century BC: Rise of the Garamantian Empire in today's Fezzan.

107 BC: North-western Libya conquered by Rome, and comes under administration of Africa Proconsularis, which has its administrative centre around Carthage. The region becomes later a province of its own, under the name Tripolitania.

74 BC: Cyrenaica conquered by Rome. Further Roman advances south is halted by the Garamantians. The region is later named Libya, where today's north-eastern Libya is called Libya Superior, while today's north-western Egypt is called Libya Inferior.

455 AD: Vandals take possession of Libya.

643: Amr Ibnu l-As conquers north-eastern Libya, known as Barka, and the region becomes part of the new Muslim Empire, governed from Madina in today's Saudi Arabia.

647: Tripolitania is conquered by the Arabs.

1146: Tripolitania and Cyrenaica is conquered by the Normans of Sicily.

1521: Barka is incorporated in the Ottoman Empire, but control remains in the hands of local rulers.

1551: Tripolitania becomes vassal state under the Ottoman Empire.

1711: Rise of the Karamanli dynasty, which served to protect the corsair activity centred to Tripoli, and strongly irritating European powers. Still, trade between Libya and Europe thrives. Much of this trade was with slaves, destined for the American continent.

1835: As the Karamanli dynasty had become increasingly less popular, due to economical inefficiency and abolishing of corsair activity and slave trade, the Ottoman sultan has his nominal representative removed from power in Tripoli.

1842: Fezzan comes under nominal Ottoman control.

1843: Muhammad Ibn Ali s-Sanussiy, leader of a increasingly powerful religious movement, chooses Cyrenaica as his seat. The Sanussiy movement becomes important all over Libya.

1911: Italian invasion, and a battle over control of Libya starts. The Sanussiys become the leaders of Libyan resistance.

1912: The Ottoman Empire renounces its claim over Libya.

1929: Tripolitania and Cyrenaica is united under Italian rule.

1931: End of the Italian colonisation of Libya, when the Sanussiys give in.

1943: With the fall of the Axis powers in the World War II, Great Britain and France divides Libya: Tripolitania and Cyrenaica comes under British control. Fezzan comes under French control.

1949: Cyrenaica becomes independent emirate, with Emir Sayyid Idris Sanussiy as leader.
November 21: United Nations grants independence for a united Libya, within the span of 2 years.

1950: A national assembly convenes in Tripoli. Emir Idris is designated king of the coming kingdom.

1951: October 7: Promulgation of the new constitution of Libya.
December 24: King Idris declares the independence of the United Kingdom of Libya.

1952: February: Elections held for parliament.

1953: Libya enters the Arab League.
December 7: Great Britain obtains rights on having military bases for a period of 20 years.

1954: September 9: USA obtains equal agreement as Great Britain did the preceding year on military bases.

1955: Libya joins the United Nations.

1956: Concessions on oil extraction is granted to two American oil companies. More companies would later follow.

1961: September: With the opening of a 167 km long pipe line, oil exportations start from Libya. Libya increases its share of oil profits from 50% to 70%.

1963: Amendments to the constitution, transforming Libya into one national unity, and allowing for female participation in elections.

1964: Negotiations between Libya and Great Britain and USA on cessation on military installations in Libya.

1969 September 1: Coup against the royal palace and the king, staged by young officers. The Libyan Arab Republic is established, and Mu'ammar al Gadhafi becomes head of a revolutionary council.
September 14: Libya takes effective control over banks (with 51%).
December 11: Temporary constitution replace the old constitution.
December 26: Signing on confederation between Libya, Egypt and Sudan.

1970 March 31 and June 30: Last American and British troops leave Libya.
July 7: Libya nationalises the oil industry, and all Italian assets in the country.

1972 August 2: Declaration of a merger with Egypt to be staged.

1974 January 12: Merger between Tunisia and Libya is declared, but the incentive lasts only a couple of hours.

1975 August: Coup attempt by officers.

1977 March 2: Libya is named jamahiriyya, state of the masses.
April 5: Student demonstrations that are brutally suppressed.
July: Border clashes with Egypt.
November: Libya changes its national flag into the present all green.

1978: Initiatives that changes the economy into socialist structures.

1979 February 28: Gadhafi rejects the authority of the hadith in Muslim lore.

1980: Actions performed to root out foreign opposition to the Libyan government.

1982 March 6: USA impose embargo on Libya.

1983 June: Invasion of northern Chad.

1984 May 8: Assassination attempt on Gadhafi.

1985 September: Libya expels 100,000 immigrant workers,- which strikes hard on neighbouring countries of Tunisia and Egypt. Closing of the borders to the two countries.

1986 April 17: American bombing of Tripoli and Benghazi, partially in an attempt to kill Gadhafi.

1987 March 27: Liberalisation of the economy, loosening of the socialist structures.
September: Libya looses its occupied territories in northern Chad.

1988 April: Some political liberalisation, freeing of political prisoners. Borders with Tunisia and Egypt are reopened.

1989 January- March: actions against Islamist group of Jihad, 1,500 arrests.
February 17: Declaration of the Maghreb Union, together with Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.
September: Establishment of a body for world Muslim revolution.

1991: Strengthening of ties with Egypt.

1992 April: Hard sanctions from the United Nations are imposed on Libya, in retaliation of the country's refusal of extraditing two Libyan citizens charged with bombing of an airplane in 1988.

1995 April: Libyan violations on the UN ban on international flights in and out of Libya, with an airplane sending pilgrims to Mecca in Saudi Arabia for hajj.
September 1: Gadhafi calls for pan-Arab expulsion of Palestinian refugees and immigrant workers, in order to halt the ongoing peace process between Israel and Palestine. Libya starts with sending Palestinians out of the country.
September 6 and 7: Clashes between Libyan police and militant Islamists in Benghazi. Thousands of Islamists and Sudanese expatriates are arrested following the clashes.
October 25: Libya stops the expulsion of Palestinian expatriates.

1996 August: US trade laws involves a threat against any company that trade with Libya. The law is met by strong international reactions.

1998: Libya becomes the first country to issue an international arrest warrant for Osama bin Laden.

1999: Libya surrenders the two suspects in the Pan Am attack, and the U.N. suspends economic sanctions.

2001: A court convicts Abdel Basset Ali Megrahi of murder in the Lockerbie case. The second Libyan defendant is acquitted. Libya strongly condemns the Sept. 11 attacks, urging Libyans to donate blood for the victims.

2003: The U.N. lifts its weapons and travel embargoes against Libya after the government accepts responsibility for the 1988 airliner bombing.

2003: Libya renounces its nuclear program and hands over documents that help the CIA and European authorities unmask suspects in a nuclear black market.

2004: President Bush lifts most U.S. trade sanctions against the country.